1
Gunja N, Graudins A. Management of cardiac arrest following poisoning. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2011;23:16–22. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01369.x
2
Hendry-Hofer TB, Ng PC, Witeof AE, et al. A Review on Ingested Cyanide: Risks, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Treatment Challenges. Journal of Medical Toxicology Published Online First: 11 December 2018. doi:10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y
3
Jha V, Padmaprakash K. Extracorporeal treatment in the management of acute poisoning: What an intensivist should know? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2018;22. doi:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_425_18
4
Phillips K, Luk A, Soor GS, et al. Cocaine Cardiotoxicity. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2009;9:177–96. doi:10.1007/BF03256574
5
Bateman DN. Paracetamol poisoning: beyond the nomogram. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2015;80:45–50. doi:10.1111/bcp.12604
6
Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HKR, et al. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2014;383:697–704. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62062-0
7
Paracetamol overdose - RCEMLearning. https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/paracetamol-overdose-2/
8
Pharmacology and Toxicology: Treatment of Poisons - Salicylate Intoxication - Renal and Urology News. https://www.renalandurologynews.com/nephrology-hypertension/pharmacology-and-toxicology-treatment-of-poisons--salicylate-intoxication/article/616622/
9
Salicylate Toxicity - REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog. http://rebelem.com/salicylate-toxicity/
10
Weaver LK. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;360:1217–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808891
11
Guidelines for the Management of Excited Delirium/Acute Behavioural Disturbance. https://www.rcem.ac.uk/docs/College%20Guidelines/5p.%20RCEM%20guidelines%20for%20management%20of%20Acute%20Behavioural%20Disturbance%20(May%202016).pdf
12
Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ 2014;348:g1626–g1626. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1626
13
Sim S-S, Sun J-T. Ocular Flutter in the Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1506066
14
CBRN Handbook. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/712888/Chemical_biological_radiological_and_nuclear_incidents_clinical_management_and_health_protection.pdf
15
Hughes H, Peters R, Davies G, et al. A study of patients presenting to an emergency department having had a ‘spiked drink’. Emergency Medicine Journal 2007;24:89–91. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.040360
16
Quigley P, Lynch DM, Little M, et al. Prospective study of 101 patients with suspected drink spiking. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2009;21:222–8. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01185.x
17
Greene SL, Shiew CM, Streete P, et al. What’s being used to spike your drink? Alleged spiked drink cases in inner city London. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2007;83:754–8. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059048
18
Duncan R, Thakore S. Decreased Glasgow Coma Scale Score Does Not Mandate Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2009;37:451–5. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.11.026
19
Eizadi-Mood N, Saghaei M, Alfred S, et al. Comparative evaluation of Glasgow Coma Score and gag reflex in predicting aspiration pneumonitis in acute poisoning. Journal of Critical Care 2009;24:470.e9-470.e15. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.08.008
20
Paediatric Toxicology Considerations - RCEMLearning. https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/modules/paediatric-toxicology-considerations/
21
Clinical Practice Guidelines : Iron poisoning. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Iron_poisoning/
22
Rotella J-A. The Toxicological Risk Assessment. Don’t Forget The Bubbles Published Online First: 15 July 2018. doi:10.31440/DFTB.16255
23
Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, et al. The Global Burden of Snakebite: A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths. PLoS Medicine 2008;5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218
24
Darryl Wood. Classifying snakebite in South Africa: Validating a scoring system. South African Medical Journal 2016;107.http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/11763/7911
25
Witherington EMA, Pirzada OM, Avery AJ. Communication gaps and readmissions to hospital for patients aged 75 years and older: observational study. Quality and Safety in Health Care 2008;17:71–5. doi:10.1136/qshc.2006.020842
26
Gallagher P, O’Mahony D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers’ criteria. Age and Ageing 2008;37:673–9. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn197
27
Beers Criteria - American Geriatric Society. https://www.sigot.org/allegato_docs/1057_Beers-Criteria.pdf
28
Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng10
29
ABD: Guidelines on management in police custody. https://fflm.ac.uk/resources/publications/acute-behavioural-disturbance-abdguidelines-on-management-in-police-custody/
30
Klein LR, Driver BE, Miner JR, et al. Intramuscular Midazolam, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, or Haloperidol for Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2018;72:374–85. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.04.027
31
PATERSON B, BRADLEY P, STARK C, et al. Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2003;10:3–15. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00523.x
32
Vilke GM, Payne-James J, Karch SB. Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): Redefining an old diagnosis. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2012;19:7–11. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.10.006
33
Musselman ME, Saely S. Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2013;70:34–42. doi:10.2146/ajhp110543
34
The prescription opioid addiction and abuse epidemic: how it happened and what we can do about it | Comment | Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/the-prescription-opioid-addiction-and-abuse-epidemic-how-it-happened-and-what-we-can-do-about-it
35
Susanne Dreborg, Görel Sundström, Tomas A. Larsson and Dan Larhammar. Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008;105.https://www.jstor.org/stable/25464438?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
36
McDonald J, Lambert D. Opioid receptors. BJA Education 2015;15:219–24. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mku041
37
Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM. Out-of-hospital Treatment of Opioid Overdoses in an Urban Setting. Academic Emergency Medicine 1996;3:660–7. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03487.x
38
Wyatt JP. Oxford handbook of emergency medicine. Fourth edition. New York, New York: : Oxford University Press 2012. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gmul-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1578266
39
Elms A. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. Academic Emergency Medicine 2011;18:e85–e85. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01179.x
40
LITFL Toxicology Library • LITFL Tox Library. https://litfl.com/tox-library/
41
High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. http://crashingpatient.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/hiet-review.pdf
42
Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D. Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2016;81:453–61. doi:10.1111/bcp.12763
43
Johnson NJ, Gaieski DF, Allen SR, et al. A Review of Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Severe Poisoning by Cardiotoxic Drugs. Journal of Medical Toxicology 2013;9:54–60. doi:10.1007/s13181-012-0281-8
44
Boswell-Smith V, Spina D, Page CP. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. British Journal of Pharmacology 2009;147:S252–7. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706495
45
Laack TA, Thompson KM, Kofler JM, et al. Comparison of Trauma Mortality and Estimated Cancer Mortality From Computed Tomography During Initial Evaluation of Intermediate-Risk Trauma Patients. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 2011;70:1362–5. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e1707f
46
RCEM Alcohol A Toolkit for Improving Care 2015. https://ranzetta.typepad.com/files/royal-college-of-emergency-medicine_alcohol---a-toolkit-for-improving-care.pdf
47
Rao R, Roche A. Substance misuse in older people. BMJ Published Online First: 22 August 2017. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3885
48
Crawford MJ, Patton R, Touquet R, et al. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2004;364:1334–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17190-0
49
Boyer EW, Shannon M. The Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352:1112–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041867
50
Prakash S, Rathore C, Rana K, et al. Refining the clinical features of serotonin syndrome: A prospective observational study of 45 patients. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2019;22. doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_344_18
51
Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity). http://www.cfp.ca/content/cfp/64/10/720.full.pdf
52
Nguyen H, Pan A, Smollin C, et al. An 11-year retrospective review of cyproheptadine use in serotonin syndrome cases reported to the California Poison Control System. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2019;44:327–34. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12796
