[1]
ABD: Guidelines on management in police custody: https://fflm.ac.uk/resources/publications/acute-behavioural-disturbance-abdguidelines-on-management-in-police-custody/.
[2]
Bateman, D.N. 2015. Paracetamol poisoning: beyond the nomogram. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 80, 1 (Jul. 2015), 45–50. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12604.
[3]
Bateman, D.N. et al. 2014. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 383, 9918 (Feb. 2014), 697–704. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62062-0.
[4]
Boswell-Smith, V. et al. 2009. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. British Journal of Pharmacology. 147, S1 (Feb. 2009), S252–S257. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706495.
[5]
Boyer, E.W. and Shannon, M. 2005. The Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 352, 11 (Mar. 2005), 1112–1120. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041867.
[6]
Buckley, N.A. et al. 2014. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 348, feb19 6 (Feb. 2014), g1626–g1626. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1626.
[7]
Clinical Practice Guidelines : Iron poisoning: https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Iron_poisoning/.
[8]
Crawford, M.J. et al. 2004. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 364, 9442 (Oct. 2004), 1334–1339. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17190-0.
[9]
Darryl Wood 2016. Classifying snakebite in South Africa: Validating a scoring system. South African Medical Journal. 107, 1 (2016).
[10]
Duncan, R. and Thakore, S. 2009. Decreased Glasgow Coma Scale Score Does Not Mandate Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 37, 4 (Nov. 2009), 451–455. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.11.026.
[11]
Eizadi-Mood, N. et al. 2009. Comparative evaluation of Glasgow Coma Score and gag reflex in predicting aspiration pneumonitis in acute poisoning. Journal of Critical Care. 24, 3 (Sep. 2009), 470.e9-470.e15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.08.008.
[12]
Elms, A. 2011. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. Academic Emergency Medicine. 18, 10 (Oct. 2011), e85–e85. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01179.x.
[13]
Gallagher, P. and O’Mahony, D. 2008. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers’ criteria. Age and Ageing. 37, 6 (Oct. 2008), 673–679. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197.
[14]
Graudins, A. et al. 2016. Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 81, 3 (Mar. 2016), 453–461. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12763.
[15]
Greene, S.L. et al. 2007. What’s being used to spike your drink? Alleged spiked drink cases in inner city London. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83, 986 (Dec. 2007), 754–758. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2007.059048.
[16]
Gunja, N. and Graudins, A. 2011. Management of cardiac arrest following poisoning. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 23, 1 (Feb. 2011), 16–22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01369.x.
[17]
Hendry-Hofer, T.B. et al. 2018. A Review on Ingested Cyanide: Risks, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Treatment Challenges. Journal of Medical Toxicology. (Dec. 2018). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y.
[18]
Hughes, H. et al. 2007. A study of patients presenting to an emergency department having had a ‘spiked drink’. Emergency Medicine Journal. 24, 2 (Feb. 2007), 89–91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2006.040360.
[19]
Jha, V. and Padmaprakash, K. 2018. Extracorporeal treatment in the management of acute poisoning: What an intensivist should know? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 22, 12 (2018). DOI:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_425_18.
[20]
Johnson, N.J. et al. 2013. A Review of Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Severe Poisoning by Cardiotoxic Drugs. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 9, 1 (Mar. 2013), 54–60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-012-0281-8.
[21]
Kasturiratne, A. et al. 2008. The Global Burden of Snakebite: A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths. PLoS Medicine. 5, 11 (Nov. 2008). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218.
[22]
Klein, L.R. et al. 2018. Intramuscular Midazolam, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, or Haloperidol for Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 72, 4 (Oct. 2018), 374–385. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.04.027.
[23]
Laack, T.A. et al. 2011. Comparison of Trauma Mortality and Estimated Cancer Mortality From Computed Tomography During Initial Evaluation of Intermediate-Risk Trauma Patients. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 70, 6 (Jun. 2011), 1362–1365. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e1707f.
[24]
LITFL Toxicology Library • LITFL Tox Library: https://litfl.com/tox-library/.
[25]
McDonald, J. and Lambert, D. 2015. Opioid receptors. BJA Education. 15, 5 (Oct. 2015), 219–224. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mku041.
[26]
Musselman, M.E. and Saely, S. 2013. Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 70, 1 (Jan. 2013), 34–42. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp110543.
[27]
Nguyen, H. et al. 2019. An 11-year retrospective review of cyproheptadine use in serotonin syndrome cases reported to the California Poison Control System. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 44, 2 (Apr. 2019), 327–334. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12796.
[28]
Paediatric Toxicology Considerations - RCEMLearning: https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/modules/paediatric-toxicology-considerations/.
[29]
Paracetamol overdose - RCEMLearning: https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/paracetamol-overdose-2/.
[30]
PATERSON, B. et al. 2003. Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 10, 1 (Feb. 2003), 3–15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00523.x.
[31]
Pharmacology and Toxicology: Treatment of Poisons - Salicylate Intoxication - Renal and Urology News: https://www.renalandurologynews.com/nephrology-hypertension/pharmacology-and-toxicology-treatment-of-poisons--salicylate-intoxication/article/616622/.
[32]
Phillips, K. et al. 2009. Cocaine Cardiotoxicity. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. 9, 3 (Jun. 2009), 177–196. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256574.
[33]
Prakash, S. et al. 2019. Refining the clinical features of serotonin syndrome: A prospective observational study of 45 patients. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 22, 1 (2019). DOI:https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.AIAN_344_18.
[34]
Quigley, P. et al. 2009. Prospective study of 101 patients with suspected drink spiking. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 21, 3 (Jun. 2009), 222–228. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01185.x.
[35]
Rao, R. and Roche, A. 2017. Substance misuse in older people. BMJ. (Aug. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3885.
[36]
Rotella, J.-A. 2018. The Toxicological Risk Assessment. Don’t Forget The Bubbles. (Jul. 2018). DOI:https://doi.org/10.31440/DFTB.16255.
[37]
Salicylate Toxicity - REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog: http://rebelem.com/salicylate-toxicity/.
[38]
Sim, S.-S. and Sun, J.-T. 2016. Ocular Flutter in the Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 375, 18 (Nov. 2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm1506066.
[39]
Sporer, K.A. et al. 1996. Out-of-hospital Treatment of Opioid Overdoses in an Urban Setting. Academic Emergency Medicine. 3, 7 (Jul. 1996), 660–667. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03487.x.
[40]
Susanne Dreborg, Görel Sundström, Tomas A. Larsson and Dan Larhammar 2008. Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105, 40 (2008).
[41]
The prescription opioid addiction and abuse epidemic: how it happened and what we can do about it | Comment | Pharmaceutical Journal: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/the-prescription-opioid-addiction-and-abuse-epidemic-how-it-happened-and-what-we-can-do-about-it.
[42]
Vilke, G.M. et al. 2012. Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): Redefining an old diagnosis. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 19, 1 (Jan. 2012), 7–11. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2011.10.006.
[43]
Weaver, L.K. 2009. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine. 360, 12 (Mar. 2009), 1217–1225. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0808891.
[44]
Witherington, E.M.A. et al. 2008. Communication gaps and readmissions to hospital for patients aged 75 years and older: observational study. Quality and Safety in Health Care. 17, 1 (Feb. 2008), 71–75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2006.020842.
[45]
Wyatt, J.P. 2012. Oxford handbook of emergency medicine. Oxford University Press.
[46]
Beers Criteria - American Geriatric Society.
[48]
Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity).
[49]
Guidelines for the Management of Excited Delirium/Acute Behavioural Disturbance.
[50]
High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning.
[51]
RCEM Alcohol A Toolkit for Improving Care 2015.
[52]
Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings | Guidance and guidelines | NICE.
