[1]
A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall, Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, Thirteenth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016 [Online]. Available: https://www-vlebooks-com.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/Vleweb/Product/Index/748473?page=0
[2]
M. Tuma, S. Canestrini, Z. Alwahab, and J. Marshall, ‘Trauma and Endothelial Glycocalyx’, SHOCK, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 352–357, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000635.
[3]
M. D. Piehl et al., ‘Pulse contour cardiac output analysis in a piglet model of severe hemorrhagic shock*’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1189–1195, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0B013E31816592A3.
[4]
‘American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology’ [Online]. Available: https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2015
[5]
J. M. Lord et al., ‘The systemic immune response to trauma: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment’, The Lancet, vol. 384, no. 9952, pp. 1455–1465, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60687-5.
[6]
K. Brohi, M. J. Cohen, and R. A. Davenport, ‘Acute coagulopathy of trauma: mechanism, identification and effect’, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 680–685, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f1e78f.
[7]
A. Pranskunas, M. Koopmans, P. M. Koetsier, V. Pilvinis, and E. C. Boerma, ‘Microcirculatory blood flow as a tool to select ICU patients eligible for fluid therapy’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 612–619, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2793-8. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607718/
[8]
S. Trzeciak et al., ‘Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival’, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 88-98.e2, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.08.021.
[9]
S. Jhanji, C. Lee, D. Watson, C. Hinds, and R. M. Pearse, ‘Microvascular flow and tissue oxygenation after major abdominal surgery: association with post-operative complications’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 671–677, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1325-z. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-008-1325-z
[10]
G. Tachon et al., ‘Microcirculatory Alterations in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock*’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1433–1441, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000223.
[11]
S. D. Hutchings et al., ‘Microcirculatory perfusion shows wide inter-individual variation and is important in determining shock reversal during resuscitation in a porcine experimental model of complex traumatic hemorrhagic shock’, Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, vol. 4, no. 1, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1186/s40635-016-0088-z.
[12]
S. Jhanji, S. Stirling, N. Patel, C. J. Hinds, and R. M. Pearse, ‘The effect of increasing doses of norepinephrine on tissue oxygenation and microvascular flow in patients with septic shock*’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1961–1966, Jun. 2009, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a00a1c.
[13]
A. Morelli et al., ‘Effects of vasopressinergic receptor agonists on sublingual microcirculation in norepinephrine-dependent septic shock’, Critical Care, vol. 15, no. 5, 2011, doi: 10.1186/cc10453.
[14]
A. Morelli et al., ‘Levosimendan for resuscitating the microcirculation in patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled study’, Critical Care, vol. 14, no. 6, 2010, doi: 10.1186/cc9387.
[15]
S. Jhanji, A. Vivian-Smith, S. Lucena-Amaro, D. Watson, C. J. Hinds, and R. M. Pearse, ‘Haemodynamic optimisation improves tissue microvascular flow and oxygenation after major surgery: a randomised controlled trial’, Critical Care, vol. 14, no. 4, 2010, doi: 10.1186/cc9220.
[16]
J. Xu et al., ‘Fluid Resuscitation Guided by Sublingual Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide During Hemorrhagic Shock in a Porcine Model’, Shock, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 361–365, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31828936aa.
[17]
W. C. Shoemaker, P. L. Appel, H. B. Kram, K. Waxman, and T.-S. Lee, ‘Prospective Trial of Supranormal Values of Survivors as Therapeutic Goals in High-Risk Surgical Patients’, Chest, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1176–1186, Dec. 1988, doi: 10.1378/chest.94.6.1176. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369216312995
[18]
R. Starodub et al., ‘Association of serum lactate and survival outcomes in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest’, Resuscitation, vol. 84, no. 8, pp. 1078–1082, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.02.001.
[19]
P. E. Marik, M. Baram, and B. Vahid, ‘Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness?*: A Systematic Review of the Literature and the Tale of Seven Mares’, Chest, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 172–178, Jul. 2008, doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2331.
[20]
C. Pierrakos, D. Velissaris, S. Scolletta, S. Heenen, D. De Backer, and J.-L. Vincent, ‘Can changes in arterial pressure be used to detect changes in cardiac index during fluid challenge in patients with septic shock?’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 422–428, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0
[21]
J. A. Alhashemi, M. Cecconi, and C. K. Hofer, ‘Cardiac output monitoring: an integrative perspective’, Critical Care, vol. 15, no. 2, 2011, doi: 10.1186/cc9996.
[22]
M. Cecconi et al., ‘Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1529–1537, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3850-x. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-015-3850-x
[23]
C. Pierrakos, D. Velissaris, S. Scolletta, S. Heenen, D. De Backer, and J.-L. Vincent, ‘Can changes in arterial pressure be used to detect changes in cardiac index during fluid challenge in patients with septic shock?’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 422–428, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-011-2457-0
[24]
M. I. Monge García et al., ‘Effects of fluid administration on arterial load in septic shock patients’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1247–1255, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3898-7. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-015-3898-7
[25]
H. D. Aya, I. C. Ster, N. Fletcher, R. M. Grounds, A. Rhodes, and M. Cecconi, ‘Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Fluid Challenge’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 880–891, May 2016, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001517.
[26]
H. D. Aya, A. Rhodes, I. Chis Ster, N. Fletcher, R. M. Grounds, and M. Cecconi, ‘Hemodynamic Effect of Different Doses of Fluids for a Fluid Challenge’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. e161–e168, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002067.
[27]
T. S. O. Nunes, R. T. Ladeira, A. T. Bafi, L. C. P. de Azevedo, F. R. Machado, and F. G. R. Freitas, ‘Duration of hemodynamic effects of crystalloids in patients with circulatory shock after initial resuscitation’, Annals of Intensive Care, vol. 4, no. 1, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1186/s13613-014-0025-9.
[28]
X. Monnet et al., ‘Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill*’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1402–1407, May 2006, doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215453.11735.06.
[29]
D. L. Clarke, J. A. Chipps, B. Sartorius, J. Bruce, G. L. Laing, and P. Brysiewicz, ‘Mortality rates increase dramatically below a systolic blood pressure of 105-mm Hg in septic surgical patients’, The American Journal of Surgery, vol. 212, no. 5, pp. 941–945, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.01.042.
[30]
Y. K. Lee, S. Y. Hwang, T. G. Shin, I. J. Jo, G. Y. Suh, and K. Jeon, ‘Prognostic Value of Lactate and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation after Early Resuscitation in Sepsis Patients’, PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 4, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153305.
[31]
D. C. Angus and T. van der Poll, ‘Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 369, no. 9, pp. 840–851, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208623.
[32]
‘A Randomized Trial of Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock’, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 370, pp. 1683–1693 [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1520423050?pq-origsite=summon
[33]
L. Mellhammar, S. Wullt, Å. Lindberg, P. Lanbeck, B. Christensson, and A. Linder, ‘Sepsis Incidence: A Population-Based Study’, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, vol. 3, no. 4, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofw207.
[34]
‘Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-treated Sepsis. Current Estimates and Limitations | American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine’. [Online]. Available: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201504-0781OC
[35]
A. Rhodes et al., ‘Surviving Sepsis Campaign’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 486–552, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255.
[36]
K. Reinhart, R. Daniels, N. Kissoon, F. R. Machado, R. D. Schachter, and S. Finfer, ‘Recognizing Sepsis as a Global Health Priority — A WHO Resolution’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 377, no. 5, pp. 414–417, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1707170.
[37]
‘Tackling drug-resistant infections globally’. [Online]. Available: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
[38]
‘A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance’. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/antimicrobial_resistance/docs/amr_2017_action-plan.pdf
[39]
D. De Backer et al., ‘Challenges in the management of septic shock: a narrative review’, Intensive Care Medicine, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05544-x. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-019-05544-x
[40]
H. R. Reynolds and J. S. Hochman, ‘Cardiogenic Shock: Current Concepts and Improving Outcomes’, Circulation, vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 686–697, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596.
[41]
‘Haemodynamic Monitoring: ESICM EDIC PACT Study Tool’. [Online]. Available: https://www.esicm.org/education/
[42]
P. Elliott, ‘Rational use of inotropes’, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 326–330, Sep. 2006, doi: 10.1053/j.mpaic.2006.06.007.
[43]
L. C. Napp, C. Kühn, and J. Bauersachs, ‘ECMO in cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock’, Herz, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 27–44, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00059-016-4523-4.
[44]
A. Mebazaa et al., ‘Levosimendan vs Dobutamine for Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure’, JAMA, vol. 297, no. 17, May 2007, doi: 10.1001/jama.297.17.1883.
[45]
A. Gray, S. Goodacre, D. E. Newby, M. Masson, F. Sampson, and J. Nicholl, ‘Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, no. 2, pp. 142–151, Jul. 2008, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707992.
[46]
J. Masip, M. Roque, B. Sánchez, R. Fernández, M. Subirana, and J. A. Expósito, ‘Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema’, JAMA, vol. 294, no. 24, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1001/jama.294.24.3124.
[47]
J. D. Sackner-Bernstein, M. Kowalski, M. Fox, and K. Aaronson, ‘Short-term Risk of Death After Treatment With Nesiritide for Decompensated Heart Failure’, JAMA, vol. 293, no. 15, Apr. 2005, doi: 10.1001/jama.293.15.1900.
[48]
H. Thiele et al., ‘Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 367, no. 14, pp. 1287–1296, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208410.
[49]
H. Thiele et al., ‘Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials’, European Heart Journal, vol. 38, no. 47, pp. 3523–3531, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx363.
[50]
‘Circulation’ [Online]. Available: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509
[51]
R. A. Booth et al., ‘Performance of BNP and NT-proBNP for diagnosis of heart failure in primary care patients: a systematic review’, Heart Failure Reviews, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 439–451, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10741-014-9445-8. [Online]. Available: https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/article/10.1007/s10741-014-9445-8
[52]
L. C. Napp, C. Kühn, and J. Bauersachs, ‘ECMO in cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock’, Herz, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 27–44, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00059-016-4523-4.
[53]
‘Major trauma: assessment and initial management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE’ [Online]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng39
[54]
‘Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE’ [Online]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg141/chapter/1-guidance
[55]
‘The European Society of GI Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline on the diagnosis and management of nonvariceal UGI haemorrhage’. [Online]. Available: https://www.esge.com/assets/downloads/pdfs/guidelines/2015_s_0034_1393172.pdf
[56]
Solomon, Caren GLaine, Loren, ‘Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to a Peptic Ulcer’, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 374, no. 4, pp. 2367–2376 [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1798243079?pq-origsite=summon
[57]
Laine, Loren, MD, ‘Blood Transfusion for Gastrointestinal Bleeding’, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 368, no. 8, pp. 75–6 [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1266235512?pq-origsite=summon
[58]
B. T. Oyeniyi, E. E. Fox, M. Scerbo, J. S. Tomasek, C. E. Wade, and J. B. Holcomb, ‘Trends in 1029 trauma deaths at a level 1 trauma center: Impact of a bleeding control bundle of care’, Injury, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 5–12, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.10.037.
[59]
J. B. Holcomb et al., ‘Transfusion of Plasma, Platelets, and Red Blood Cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 Ratio and Mortality in Patients With Severe Trauma’, JAMA, vol. 313, no. 5, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12.
[60]
J. W. Cannon et al., ‘Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage’, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 605–617, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001333.
[61]
S. A. Shackelford et al., ‘Association of Prehospital Blood Product Transfusion During Medical Evacuation of Combat Casualties in Afghanistan With Acute and 30-Day Survival’, JAMA, vol. 318, no. 16, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.15097.
[62]
P. C. Spinella et al., ‘Whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation of major bleeding’, Transfusion, vol. 56, pp. S190–S202, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1111/trf.13491.
[63]
J. B. Holcomb, ‘Reconstitution: Reverse Engineering’, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 70, pp. S65–S67, May 2011, doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31821a609c.
[64]
E. Glassberg et al., ‘Freeze-Dried Plasma at the Point of Injury’, Shock, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 444–450, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000047.
[65]
‘An Ethical Framework for Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death: Executive Summary - Academy of Medical Royal Colleges’. [Online]. Available: http://www.aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-guidance/ethical-framework-controlled-donation-circulatory-death-executive-summary/
[66]
‘A code of practice for the diagnosis and confirmation of death - Academy of Medical Royal Colleges’. [Online]. Available: http://www.aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-guidance/code-practice-diagnosis-confirmation-death/
[67]
M. J. Blackstock and D. C. Ray, ‘Organ donation after circulatory death’, European Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 324–329, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000082.
[68]
Sampson, Hugh AMuñoz-Furlong, AnneCampbell, Ronna LAdkinson, N FranklinBock, S Allan, ‘Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: Summary report--Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium’, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 117, no. 7, pp. 391–397 [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1504744658?pq-origsite=summon
[69]
Z. Jiwaji, S. Brady, L. A. McIntyre, A. Gray, and T. S. Walsh, ‘Emergency department management of early sepsis: a national survey of emergency medicine and intensive care consultants’, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1000–1005, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202883.
[70]
‘A Comparison of Albumin and Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in the Intensive Care Unit’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 350, no. 22, pp. 2247–2256, May 2004, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040232.
[71]
K. Maitland et al., ‘Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Severe Infection’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 364, no. 26, pp. 2483–2495, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549.
[72]
J. A. Myburgh et al., ‘Hydroxyethyl Starch or Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in Intensive Care’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 367, no. 20, pp. 1901–1911, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759.
[73]
M. Antonelli and C. Sandroni, ‘Hydroxyethyl Starch for Intravenous Volume Replacement’, JAMA, vol. 309, no. 7, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.851.
[74]
P. Young et al., ‘Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit’, JAMA, vol. 314, no. 16, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12334.
[75]
J. L. Vincent, ‘Anemia and Blood Transfusion in Critically Ill Patients’, JAMA, vol. 288, no. 12, Sep. 2002, doi: 10.1001/jama.288.12.1499.
[76]
R. M. Rodriguez, M. Lum-Lung, K. Dixon, and A. Nothmann, ‘A prospective study on esophageal Doppler hemodynamic assessment in the ED’, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 658–663, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.02.006.
[77]
M. D. Howell, M. Donnino, P. Clardy, D. Talmor, and N. I. Shapiro, ‘Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1892–1899, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0680-5. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-007-0680-5
[78]
H. J. F. Helmerhorst, M.-J. Roos-Blom, D. J. van Westerloo, and E. de Jonge, ‘Association Between Arterial Hyperoxia and Outcome in Subsets of Critical Illness’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1508–1519, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000998.
[79]
J. H. Kilgannon, ‘Association Between Arterial Hyperoxia Following Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest and In-Hospital Mortality’, JAMA, vol. 303, no. 21, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.707.
[80]
D. Stub et al., ‘Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction’, Circulation, vol. 131, no. 24, pp. 2143–2150, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014494.
[81]
F. Rincon et al., ‘Association Between Hyperoxia and Mortality After Stroke’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 387–396, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a27732.
[82]
P. Perel, I. Roberts, and K. Ker, ‘Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6.
[83]
P. Young et al., ‘Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit’, JAMA, vol. 314, no. 16, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12334.
[84]
D. C. Angus et al., ‘A systematic review and meta-analysis of early goal-directed therapy for septic shock: the ARISE, ProCESS and ProMISe Investigators’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1549–1560, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3822-1. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-015-3822-1
[85]
K. Maitland et al., ‘Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Severe Infection’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 364, no. 26, pp. 2483–2495, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549.
[86]
K. Maitland et al., ‘Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insightsfrom the FEAST trial’, BMC Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-68.
[87]
G. Ospina-Tascon et al., ‘Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis’, Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 949–955, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-1843-3. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-010-1843-3
[88]
N. Glassford, G. Eastwood, and R. Bellomo, ‘Physiological changes after fluid bolus therapy in sepsis: a systematic review of the contemporary literature’, Critical Care, vol. 18, no. S2, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1186/cc14037.
[89]
B. Guidet and H. Ait-Oufella, ‘Fluid resuscitation should respect the endothelial glycocalyx layer’, Critical Care, vol. 18, no. 6, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0707-6.
[90]
D. Chappell et al., ‘Hypervolemia increases release of atrial natriuretic peptide and shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx’, Critical Care, vol. 18, no. 5, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0538-5.
[91]
P. P. Young, B. A. Cotton, and L. T. Goodnough, ‘Massive Transfusion Protocols for Patients With Substantial Hemorrhage’, Transfusion Medicine Reviews, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 293–303, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.04.002.
[92]
L. Hogshire and J. L. Carson, ‘Red blood cell transfusion’, Current Opinion in Hematology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 546–551, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32836508bd.
[93]
C. E. Lucas and A. M. Ledgerwood, ‘FFP:RBC Resuscitation Ratio and Post-Shock Fluid Uptake’, JAMA Surgery, vol. 148, no. 3, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.623.
[94]
E. A. Gonzalez et al., ‘Fresh Frozen Plasma Should be Given Earlier to Patients Requiring Massive Transfusion’, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 112–119, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000250497.08101.8b.
[95]
‘Guidelines | British Society for Haematology’. [Online]. Available: http://www.b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/
[96]
‘Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland’. [Online]. Available: http://www.aagbi.org/
[97]
‘Handbook of Transfusion Medicine’. [Online]. Available: https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/transfusion-handbook
[98]
‘EMCrit Blog - Emergency Department Critical Care & Resuscitation’. [Online]. Available: https://emcrit.org/
[99]
D. G. Nevin and K. Brohi, ‘Permissive hypotension for active haemorrhage in trauma’, Anaesthesia, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1111/anae.14034.
[100]
P. S. Myles et al., ‘Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Coronary-Artery Surgery’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 376, no. 2, pp. 136–148, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606424.
[101]
A. Gayet-Ageron et al., ‘Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients’, The Lancet, vol. 391, no. 10116, pp. 125–132, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32455-8.
[102]
‘World Population Ageing 2015’. [Online]. Available: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf
[103]
‘Physiology of Ageing’. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303916302298
[104]
G. C. Sieck, ‘Physiology of aging’, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1333–1334, Oct. 2003, doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00718.2003.
[105]
I. Sammy, F. Lecky, A. Sutton, J. Leaviss, and A. O’Cathain, ‘Factors affecting mortality in older trauma patients—A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Injury, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 1170–1183, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.02.027.
[106]
I. Cook, A. L. Kirkup, L. J. Langham, M. A. Malik, G. Marlow, and I. Sammy, ‘End of Life Care and Do Not Resuscitate Orders: How Much Does Age Influence Decision Making? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, vol. 3, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1177/2333721417713422.
[107]
N. P. O’Grady et al., ‘Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections’, American Journal of Infection Control, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. S1–S34, May 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.01.003.
[108]
D. R. Prytherch, G. B. Smith, P. E. Schmidt, and P. I. Featherstone, ‘ViEWS—Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration’, Resuscitation, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 932–937, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.014.
[109]
V. C. Burch, G. Tarr, and C. Morroni, ‘Modified early warning score predicts the need for hospital admission and inhospital mortality’, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 674–678, Oct. 2008, doi: 10.1136/emj.2007.057661.