1.
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Thirteenth edition. Elsevier; 2016. https://www-vlebooks-com.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/Vleweb/Product/Index/748473?page=0
2.
Tuma M, Canestrini S, Alwahab Z, Marshall J. Trauma and Endothelial Glycocalyx. SHOCK. 2016;46(4):352-357. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000635
3.
Piehl MD, Manning JE, McCurdy SL, et al. Pulse contour cardiac output analysis in a piglet model of severe hemorrhagic shock*. Critical Care Medicine. 2008;36(4):1189-1195. doi:10.1097/CCM.0B013E31816592A3
4.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2015
5.
Lord JM, Midwinter MJ, Chen YF, et al. The systemic immune response to trauma: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment. The Lancet. 2014;384(9952):1455-1465. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60687-5
6.
Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Davenport RA. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: mechanism, identification and effect. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2007;13(6):680-685. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f1e78f
7.
Pranskunas A, Koopmans M, Koetsier PM, Pilvinis V, Boerma EC. Microcirculatory blood flow as a tool to select ICU patients eligible for fluid therapy. Intensive Care Medicine. 2013;39(4):612-619. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2793-8
8.
Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, et al. Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007;49(1):88-98.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.08.021
9.
Jhanji S, Lee C, Watson D, Hinds C, Pearse RM. Microvascular flow and tissue oxygenation after major abdominal surgery: association with post-operative complications. Intensive Care Medicine. 2009;35(4):671-677. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1325-z
10.
Tachon G, Harrois A, Tanaka S, et al. Microcirculatory Alterations in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock*. Critical Care Medicine. 2014;42(6):1433-1441. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000223
11.
Hutchings SD, Naumann DN, Watts S, et al. Microcirculatory perfusion shows wide inter-individual variation and is important in determining shock reversal during resuscitation in a porcine experimental model of complex traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. 2016;4(1). doi:10.1186/s40635-016-0088-z
12.
Jhanji S, Stirling S, Patel N, Hinds CJ, Pearse RM. The effect of increasing doses of norepinephrine on tissue oxygenation and microvascular flow in patients with septic shock*. Critical Care Medicine. 2009;37(6):1961-1966. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a00a1c
13.
Morelli A, Donati A, Ertmer C, et al. Effects of vasopressinergic receptor agonists on sublingual microcirculation in norepinephrine-dependent septic shock. Critical Care. 2011;15(5). doi:10.1186/cc10453
14.
Morelli A, Donati A, Ertmer C, et al. Levosimendan for resuscitating the microcirculation in patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled study. Critical Care. 2010;14(6). doi:10.1186/cc9387
15.
Jhanji S, Vivian-Smith A, Lucena-Amaro S, Watson D, Hinds CJ, Pearse RM. Haemodynamic optimisation improves tissue microvascular flow and oxygenation after major surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Critical Care. 2010;14(4). doi:10.1186/cc9220
16.
Xu J, Ma L, Sun S, et al. Fluid Resuscitation Guided by Sublingual Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide During Hemorrhagic Shock in a Porcine Model. Shock. 2013;39(4):361-365. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e31828936aa
17.
Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, Waxman K, Lee TS. Prospective Trial of Supranormal Values of Survivors as Therapeutic Goals in High-Risk Surgical Patients. Chest. 1988;94(6):1176-1186. doi:10.1378/chest.94.6.1176
18.
Starodub R, Abella BS, Grossestreuer AV, et al. Association of serum lactate and survival outcomes in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(8):1078-1082. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.02.001
19.
Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness?*: A Systematic Review of the Literature and the Tale of Seven Mares. Chest. 2008;134(1):172-178. doi:10.1378/chest.07-2331
20.
Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Scolletta S, Heenen S, De Backer D, Vincent JL. Can changes in arterial pressure be used to detect changes in cardiac index during fluid challenge in patients with septic shock? Intensive Care Medicine. 2012;38(3):422-428. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0
21.
Alhashemi JA, Cecconi M, Hofer CK. Cardiac output monitoring: an integrative perspective. Critical Care. 2011;15(2). doi:10.1186/cc9996
22.
Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL, et al. Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study. Intensive Care Medicine. 2015;41(9):1529-1537. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3850-x
23.
Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Scolletta S, Heenen S, De Backer D, Vincent JL. Can changes in arterial pressure be used to detect changes in cardiac index during fluid challenge in patients with septic shock? Intensive Care Medicine. 2012;38(3):422-428. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0
24.
Monge García MI, Guijo González P, Gracia Romero M, et al. Effects of fluid administration on arterial load in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2015;41(7):1247-1255. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3898-7
25.
Aya HD, Ster IC, Fletcher N, Grounds RM, Rhodes A, Cecconi M. Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Fluid Challenge. Critical Care Medicine. 2016;44(5):880-891. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001517
26.
Aya HD, Rhodes A, Chis Ster I, Fletcher N, Grounds RM, Cecconi M. Hemodynamic Effect of Different Doses of Fluids for a Fluid Challenge. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(2):e161-e168. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002067
27.
Nunes TSO, Ladeira RT, Bafi AT, de Azevedo LCP, Machado FR, Freitas FGR. Duration of hemodynamic effects of crystalloids in patients with circulatory shock after initial resuscitation. Annals of Intensive Care. 2014;4(1). doi:10.1186/s13613-014-0025-9
28.
Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, et al. Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill*. Critical Care Medicine. 2006;34(5):1402-1407. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215453.11735.06
29.
Clarke DL, Chipps JA, Sartorius B, Bruce J, Laing GL, Brysiewicz P. Mortality rates increase dramatically below a systolic blood pressure of 105-mm Hg in septic surgical patients. The American Journal of Surgery. 2016;212(5):941-945. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.01.042
30.
Lee YK, Hwang SY, Shin TG, Jo IJ, Suh GY, Jeon K. Prognostic Value of Lactate and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation after Early Resuscitation in Sepsis Patients. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153305
31.
Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(9):840-851. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208623
32.
A Randomized Trial of Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock. The New England Journal of Medicine. 370:1683-1693. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1520423050?pq-origsite=summon
33.
Mellhammar L, Wullt S, Lindberg Å, Lanbeck P, Christensson B, Linder A. Sepsis Incidence: A Population-Based Study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2016;3(4). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw207
34.
Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-treated Sepsis. Current Estimates and Limitations | American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201504-0781OC
35.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(3):486-552. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255
36.
Reinhart K, Daniels R, Kissoon N, Machado FR, Schachter RD, Finfer S. Recognizing Sepsis as a Global Health Priority — A WHO Resolution. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(5):414-417. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1707170
37.
Tackling drug-resistant infections globally. https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
38.
A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/antimicrobial_resistance/docs/amr_2017_action-plan.pdf
39.
De Backer D, Cecconi M, Lipman J, et al. Challenges in the management of septic shock: a narrative review. Intensive Care Medicine. Published online 11 February 2019. doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05544-x
40.
Reynolds HR, Hochman JS. Cardiogenic Shock: Current Concepts and Improving Outcomes. Circulation. 2008;117(5):686-697. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596
41.
Haemodynamic Monitoring: ESICM EDIC PACT Study Tool. https://www.esicm.org/education/
42.
Elliott P. Rational use of inotropes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2006;7(9):326-330. doi:10.1053/j.mpaic.2006.06.007
43.
Napp LC, Kühn C, Bauersachs J. ECMO in cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock. Herz. 2017;42(1):27-44. doi:10.1007/s00059-016-4523-4
44.
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, et al. Levosimendan vs Dobutamine for Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. JAMA. 2007;297(17). doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1883
45.
Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl J. Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(2):142-151. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707992
46.
Masip J, Roque M, Sánchez B, Fernández R, Subirana M, Expósito JA. Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. JAMA. 2005;294(24). doi:10.1001/jama.294.24.3124
47.
Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K. Short-term Risk of Death After Treatment With Nesiritide for Decompensated Heart Failure. JAMA. 2005;293(15). doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1900
48.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(14):1287-1296. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208410
49.
Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM, et al. Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(47):3523-3531. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx363
50.
Circulation. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509
51.
Booth RA, Hill SA, Don-Wauchope A, et al. Performance of BNP and NT-proBNP for diagnosis of heart failure in primary care patients: a systematic review. Heart Failure Reviews. 2014;19(4):439-451. doi:10.1007/s10741-014-9445-8
52.
Napp LC, Kühn C, Bauersachs J. ECMO in cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock. Herz. 2017;42(1):27-44. doi:10.1007/s00059-016-4523-4
53.
Major trauma: assessment and initial management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng39
54.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg141/chapter/1-guidance
55.
The European Society of GI Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline on the diagnosis and management of nonvariceal UGI haemorrhage. https://www.esge.com/assets/downloads/pdfs/guidelines/2015_s_0034_1393172.pdf
56.
Solomon, Caren GLaine, Loren. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to a Peptic Ulcer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 374(4):2367-2376. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1798243079?pq-origsite=summon
57.
Laine, Loren, MD. Blood Transfusion for Gastrointestinal Bleeding. The New England Journal of Medicine. 368(8):75-76. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1266235512?pq-origsite=summon
58.
Oyeniyi BT, Fox EE, Scerbo M, Tomasek JS, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Trends in 1029 trauma deaths at a level 1 trauma center: Impact of a bleeding control bundle of care. Injury. 2017;48(1):5-12. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2016.10.037
59.
Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al. Transfusion of Plasma, Platelets, and Red Blood Cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 Ratio and Mortality in Patients With Severe Trauma. JAMA. 2015;313(5). doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12
60.
Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, et al. Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2017;82(3):605-617. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001333
61.
Shackelford SA, del Junco DJ, Powell-Dunford N, et al. Association of Prehospital Blood Product Transfusion During Medical Evacuation of Combat Casualties in Afghanistan With Acute and 30-Day Survival. JAMA. 2017;318(16). doi:10.1001/jama.2017.15097
62.
Spinella PC, Pidcoke HF, Strandenes G, et al. Whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation of major bleeding. Transfusion. 2016;56:S190-S202. doi:10.1111/trf.13491
63.
Holcomb JB. Reconstitution: Reverse Engineering. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2011;70:S65-S67. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31821a609c
64.
Glassberg E, Nadler R, Gendler S, et al. Freeze-Dried Plasma at the Point of Injury. Shock. 2013;40(6):444-450. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000047
65.
An Ethical Framework for Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death: Executive Summary - Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. http://www.aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-guidance/ethical-framework-controlled-donation-circulatory-death-executive-summary/
66.
A code of practice for the diagnosis and confirmation of death - Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. http://www.aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-guidance/code-practice-diagnosis-confirmation-death/
67.
Blackstock MJ, Ray DC. Organ donation after circulatory death. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014;21(5):324-329. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000082
68.
Sampson, Hugh AMuñoz-Furlong, AnneCampbell, Ronna LAdkinson, N FranklinBock, S Allan. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: Summary report--Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117(7):391-397. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1504744658?pq-origsite=summon
69.
Jiwaji Z, Brady S, McIntyre LA, Gray A, Walsh TS. Emergency department management of early sepsis: a national survey of emergency medicine and intensive care consultants. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2014;31(12):1000-1005. doi:10.1136/emermed-2013-202883
70.
A Comparison of Albumin and Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in the Intensive Care Unit. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(22):2247-2256. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040232
71.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, et al. Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Severe Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(26):2483-2495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
72.
Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, et al. Hydroxyethyl Starch or Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in Intensive Care. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(20):1901-1911. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209759
73.
Antonelli M, Sandroni C. Hydroxyethyl Starch for Intravenous Volume Replacement. JAMA. 2013;309(7). doi:10.1001/jama.2013.851
74.
Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit. JAMA. 2015;314(16). doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12334
75.
Vincent JL. Anemia and Blood Transfusion in Critically Ill Patients. JAMA. 2002;288(12). doi:10.1001/jama.288.12.1499
76.
Rodriguez RM, Lum-Lung M, Dixon K, Nothmann A. A prospective study on esophageal Doppler hemodynamic assessment in the ED. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2006;24(6):658-663. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.02.006
77.
Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P, Talmor D, Shapiro NI. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Medicine. 2007;33(11):1892-1899. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0680-5
78.
Helmerhorst HJF, Roos-Blom MJ, van Westerloo DJ, de Jonge E. Association Between Arterial Hyperoxia and Outcome in Subsets of Critical Illness. Critical Care Medicine. 2015;43(7):1508-1519. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000998
79.
Kilgannon JH. Association Between Arterial Hyperoxia Following Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest and In-Hospital Mortality. JAMA. 2010;303(21). doi:10.1001/jama.2010.707
80.
Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, et al. Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015;131(24):2143-2150. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014494
81.
Rincon F, Kang J, Maltenfort M, et al. Association Between Hyperoxia and Mortality After Stroke. Critical Care Medicine. 2014;42(2):387-396. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a27732
82.
Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Published online 28 February 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6
83.
Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit. JAMA. 2015;314(16). doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12334
84.
Angus DC, Barnato AE, Bell D, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of early goal-directed therapy for septic shock: the ARISE, ProCESS and ProMISe Investigators. Intensive Care Medicine. 2015;41(9):1549-1560. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3822-1
85.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, et al. Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Severe Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(26):2483-2495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
86.
Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA, et al. Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insightsfrom the FEAST trial. BMC Medicine. 2013;11(1). doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-68
87.
Ospina-Tascon G, Neves AP, Occhipinti G, et al. Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Medicine. 2010;36(6):949-955. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1843-3
88.
Glassford N, Eastwood G, Bellomo R. Physiological changes after fluid bolus therapy in sepsis: a systematic review of the contemporary literature. Critical Care. 2014;18(S2). doi:10.1186/cc14037
89.
Guidet B, Ait-Oufella H. Fluid resuscitation should respect the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Critical Care. 2014;18(6). doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0707-6
90.
Chappell D, Bruegger D, Potzel J, et al. Hypervolemia increases release of atrial natriuretic peptide and shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx. Critical Care. 2014;18(5). doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0538-5
91.
Young PP, Cotton BA, Goodnough LT. Massive Transfusion Protocols for Patients With Substantial Hemorrhage. Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 2011;25(4):293-303. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.04.002
92.
Hogshire L, Carson JL. Red blood cell transfusion. Current Opinion in Hematology. 2013;20(6):546-551. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e32836508bd
93.
Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. FFP:RBC Resuscitation Ratio and Post-Shock Fluid Uptake. JAMA Surgery. 2013;148(3). doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.623
94.
Gonzalez EA, Moore FA, Holcomb JB, et al. Fresh Frozen Plasma Should be Given Earlier to Patients Requiring Massive Transfusion. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2007;62(1):112-119. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000250497.08101.8b
95.
Guidelines | British Society for Haematology. http://www.b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/
96.
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.aagbi.org/
97.
Handbook of Transfusion Medicine. https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/transfusion-handbook
98.
EMCrit Blog - Emergency Department Critical Care & Resuscitation. https://emcrit.org/
99.
Nevin DG, Brohi K. Permissive hypotension for active haemorrhage in trauma. Anaesthesia. Published online 22 September 2017. doi:10.1111/anae.14034
100.
Myles PS, Smith JA, Forbes A, et al. Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Coronary-Artery Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(2):136-148. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606424
101.
Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, et al. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. The Lancet. 2018;391(10116):125-132. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32455-8
102.
World Population Ageing 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf
103.
Physiology of Ageing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303916302298
104.
Sieck GC. Physiology of aging. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003;95(4):1333-1334. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00718.2003
105.
Sammy I, Lecky F, Sutton A, Leaviss J, O’Cathain A. Factors affecting mortality in older trauma patients—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2016;47(6):1170-1183. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2016.02.027
106.
Cook I, Kirkup AL, Langham LJ, Malik MA, Marlow G, Sammy I. End of Life Care and Do Not Resuscitate Orders: How Much Does Age Influence Decision Making? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2017;3. doi:10.1177/2333721417713422
107.
O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. American Journal of Infection Control. 2011;39(4):S1-S34. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.01.003
108.
Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI. ViEWS—Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation. 2010;81(8):932-937. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.014
109.
Burch VC, Tarr G, Morroni C. Modified early warning score predicts the need for hospital admission and inhospital mortality. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2008;25(10):674-678. doi:10.1136/emj.2007.057661