[1]
‘Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segm’. [Online]. Available: https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-Coronary-Syndromes-ACS-in-patients-presenting-without-persistent-ST-segm
[2]
‘Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: 148.  Acute coronary syndrome. A National Clinical Guideline’. [Online]. Available: https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign148.pdf
[3]
‘HEART Score’. [Online]. Available: http://www.heartscore.nl/
[4]
A. J. Moss, M. C. Williams, D. E. Newby, and E. D. Nicol, ‘The Updated NICE Guidelines: Cardiac CT as the First-Line Test for Coronary Artery Disease’, Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports, vol. 10, no. 5, May 2017, doi: 10.1007/s12410-017-9412-6.
[5]
M. C. Williams, J. Shambrook, and E. D. Nicol, ‘Assessment of patients with stable chest pain’, Heart, vol. 104, no. 8, pp. 691–699, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311212.
[6]
‘HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events - MDCalc’. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdcalc.com/heart-score-major-cardiac-events#next-steps
[7]
M. Roffi et al., ‘2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation’, European Heart Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 267–315, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320.
[8]
A. Moya et al., ‘Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)’, European Heart Journal, vol. 30, no. 21, pp. 2631–2671, Nov. 2009, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298.
[9]
G. Costantino et al., ‘Syncope clinical management in the emergency department: a consensus from the first international workshop on syncope risk stratification in the emergency department’, European Heart Journal, vol. 37, no. 19, pp. 1493–1498, May 2016, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv378.
[10]
B. C. Sun et al., ‘Priorities for Emergency Department Syncope Research’, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 649-655.e2, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.04.014.
[11]
F. D’Ascenzo et al., ‘Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis’, International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 57–62, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083.
[12]
‘The patient with collapse: in association with the Emergency Medicine Journal’. [Online]. Available: http://learning.bmj.com/learning/search-result.html?moduleId=5004329
[13]
P. Ponikowski et al., ‘2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure’, European Heart Journal, vol. 37, no. 27, pp. 2129–2200, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.
[14]
A. S. Maisel et al., ‘Rapid Measurement of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 3, pp. 161–167, Jul. 2002, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa020233.
[15]
‘Resuscitation to recovery’. [Online]. Available: https://www.resus.org.uk/publications/resuscitation-to-recovery/
[16]
‘Post Cardiac Arrest Care’. [Online]. Available: https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/post-cardiac-arrest-resuscitation-care/
[17]
‘The Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults’. [Online]. Available: http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/JBDS_IP_DKA_Adults_Revised.pdf
[18]
‘The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults with diabetes’. [Online]. Available: http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/JBDS_IP_HHS_Adults.pdf
[19]
‘Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State - Acute and chronic complications of diabetes - Diapedia, The Living Textbook of Diabetes’. [Online]. Available: https://www.diapedia.org/acute-and-chronic-complications-of-diabetes/71040851425/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar-state
[20]
‘Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE’ [Online]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng19
[21]
H. J. Adrogue and N. E. Madias, ‘The Challenge of Hyponatremia’, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1140–1148, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012020128.
[22]
A. Wakil, J. M. Ng, and S. L. Atkin, ‘Investigating hyponatraemia’, BMJ, vol. 342, no. mar07 2, pp. d1118–d1118, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1118.
[23]
‘Management of hyperkalaemia’. [Online]. Available: http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Maxwell.pdf
[24]
R. A. Oram, T. J. McDonald, and B. Vaidya, ‘Investigating hypokalaemia’, BMJ, vol. 347, no. sep24 1, pp. f5137–f5137, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5137.
[25]
B. T. Montague, J. R. Ouellette, and G. K. Buller, ‘Retrospective Review of the Frequency of ECG Changes in Hyperkalemia’, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 324–330, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.2215/CJN.04611007.
[26]
‘National Review of Asthma Deaths | RCP London’. [Online]. Available: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/national-review-asthma-deaths
[27]
‘NCEPOD - Non-Invasive Ventilation: Inspiring Change (2017)’. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2017niv.html
[28]
‘BTS/SIGN British guideline on the management of asthma | British Thoracic Society | Better lung health for all’. [Online]. Available: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/standards-of-care/guidelines/btssign-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma/
[29]
‘Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention - 2017 - Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD’. [Online]. Available: http://goldcopd.org/pocket-guide-copd-diagnosis-management-prevention-2016/
[30]
‘SSNAP - Home’. [Online]. Available: https://www.strokeaudit.org/
[31]
P. M. Fernandes, W. N. Whiteley, S. R. Hart, and R. Al-Shahi Salman, ‘Strokes: mimics and chameleons’, Practical Neurology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 21–28, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2012-000465.
[32]
G. J. Hankey, Stroke: your questions answered. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
[33]
A. I. R. Maas et al., ‘Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 987–1048, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30371-X.
[34]
L. E. Goldstein and A. C. McKee, ‘Shining (Laser) Light on Traumatic Brain Injury Blood Biomarkers’, JAMA Neurology, vol. 74, no. 9, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0800.
[35]
‘Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 9, pp. 874–884, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa067514.
[36]
E. M. Crompton, I. Lubomirova, I. Cotlarciuc, T. S. Han, S. D. Sharma, and P. Sharma, ‘Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult and Pediatric Patients*’, Critical Care Medicine, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 575–583, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002205.
[37]
P. J. D. Andrews et al., ‘Hypothermia for Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 373, no. 25, pp. 2403–2412, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507581.
[38]
F. U. Ahmad, R. M. Starke, R. J. Komotar, and E. S. Connolly, ‘A Randomized Clinical Trial of Hypothermia as a Preferred Second-Line Treatment for Elevated Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury’, Neurosurgery, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. N10–N11, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001171.
[39]
P. J. D. Andrews et al., ‘Hypothermia for Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 373, no. 25, pp. 2403–2412, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507581.
[40]
N. Carney et al., ‘Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition’, Neurosurgery, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432.
[41]
G. Teasdale, A. Maas, F. Lecky, G. Manley, N. Stocchetti, and G. Murray, ‘The Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 years: standing the test of time’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 844–854, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70120-6.
[42]
‘Fever Control Management Is Preferable to Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Abbreviated Injury Scale 3–4: A Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial | Journal of Neurotrauma’. [Online]. Available: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/neu.2015.4033
[43]
S. Mason et al., ‘THE AHEAD STUDY: MANAGING ANTICOAGULATED PATIENTS WHO SUFFER HEAD INJURY’, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 775.1-775, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204221.1.
[44]
K. W. Muir et al., ‘Endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: the Pragmatic Ischaemic Stroke Thrombectomy Evaluation (PISTE) randomised, controlled trial’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 38–44, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314117.
[45]
‘Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study’ [Online]. Available: https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/343/bmj.d4277.full.pdf
[46]
J. A. Edlow and L. R. Caplan, ‘Avoiding Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 29–36, Jan. 2000, doi: 10.1056/NEJM200001063420106.
[47]
A. Ducros and M.-G. Bousser, ‘Thunderclap headache’, BMJ, vol. 346, no. jan08 15, pp. e8557–e8557, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8557.
[48]
‘Chapter 11. Use of hyperosmolar therapy in the management of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury’, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 [Online]. Available: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00130478-200307001-00012&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
[49]
T. F. Hasan et al., ‘Diagnosis and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke’, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 523–538, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.013.
[50]
F. M. Pieracci, S. R. Eachempati, J. Shou, L. J. Hydo, and P. S. Barie, ‘Degree of Anticoagulation, but Not Warfarin Use Itself, Predicts Adverse Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly Trauma Patients’, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 525–530, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31812e5216.
[51]
F. E. Lecky et al., ‘The effect of preinjury warfarin use on mortality rates in trauma patients: a European multicentre study’, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 916–920, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1136/emermed-2014-203959.
[52]
J. Franko, K. J. Kish, B. G. O???Connell, S. Subramanian, and J. V. Yuschak, ‘Advanced Age and Preinjury Warfarin Anticoagulation Increase the Risk of Mortality After Head Trauma’, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 107–110, Jul. 2006, doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000224220.89528.fc.
[53]
J. L. Howard et al., ‘Preinjury Warfarin Worsens Outcome in Elderly Patients Who Fall From Standing’, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1518–1524, Jun. 2009, doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a59728.
[54]
J.-M. Chauny et al., ‘Risk of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage in Anticoagulated Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, The Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 519–528, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.045.
[55]
S. Mason et al., ‘AHEAD Study: an observational study of the management of anticoagulated patients who suffer head injury’, BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014324.
[56]
S. Mason et al., ‘THE AHEAD STUDY: MANAGING ANTICOAGULATED PATIENTS WHO SUFFER HEAD INJURY’, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 775.1-775, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204221.1.
[57]
W. Bernal and J. Wendon, ‘Acute Liver Failure’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 369, no. 26, pp. 2525–2534, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208937.
[58]
J. Wendon et al., ‘EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure’, Journal of Hepatology, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 1047–1081, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.003.
[59]
A. J. Slack et al., ‘Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease’, Liver International, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 42–48, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1111/liv.12221.
[60]
F. S. Larsen et al., ‘High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial’, Journal of Hepatology, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 69–78, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.018.
[61]
F. M. Trovato, L. Rabinowich, and M. J. W. McPhail, ‘Update on the management of acute liver failure’, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 157–164, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000583.
[62]
W. Bernal, W. M. Lee, J. Wendon, F. S. Larsen, and R. Williams, ‘Acute liver failure: A curable disease by 2024?’, Journal of Hepatology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. S112–S120, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.016.
[63]
S. A. Brown et al., ‘Current and prospective therapies for acute liver failure’, Disease-a-Month, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 493–522, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.04.002.
[64]
‘Fever in the returning traveller - Initial assessment and triage’. [Online]. Available: https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/suppl/2018/01/25/bmj.j5773.DC1/fever_diff_v38_web.pdf.pdf
[65]
D. Fink, R. S. Wani, and V. Johnston, ‘Fever in the returning traveller’, BMJ, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5773.
[66]
V. Johnston et al., ‘Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: Recommendations for investigation and initial management’, Journal of Infection, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1–18, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.05.005.
[67]
J. I. Hawker et al., ‘Trends in antibiotic prescribing in primary care for clinical syndromes subject to national recommendations to reduce antibiotic resistance, UK 1995-2011: analysis of a large database of primary care consultations’, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 3423–3430, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1093/jac/dku291.
[68]
A. J. H. Cremers et al., ‘Effect of antibiotic streamlining on patient outcome in pneumococcal bacteraemia’, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 2258–2264, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1093/jac/dku109.
[69]
‘WHO | Antimicrobial resistance’ [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/
[70]
‘Published Guidelines | British Infection Association (BIA)’. [Online]. Available: https://www.britishinfection.org/guidelines-resources/published-guidelines/
[71]
‘NaTHNaC | Launchpad to services’. [Online]. Available: https://nathnac.net/
[72]
‘ProMED-mail’. [Online]. Available: https://www.promedmail.org/
[73]
‘Viral haemorrhagic fever: ACDP algorithm and guidance on management of patients - GOV.UK’. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/viral-haemorrhagic-fever-algorithm-and-guidance-on-management-of-patients
[74]
‘Guidelines for the Management of Excited Delirium / Acute Behavioural Disturbance (ABD)’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Acute_Behavioural_Disturbance_Final.pdf
[75]
‘Consent in Adults, Adolescents and Children in Emergency Departments’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Consent_Guidance_Revised_Jan2018.pdf
[76]
‘Information sharing to reduce Community Violence’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/QEC_Guideline_Information_Sharing_to_Reduce_Community_Violence_Sept2017.pdf
[77]
‘A universal FGM flowchart and reporting tool’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/QEC_Guideline_Information_Sharing_to_Reduce_Community_Violence_Sept2017.pdf
[78]
‘The Mental Capacity Act in Emergency Medicine Practice’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_Mental_Capacity_Act_in_EM_Practice_Feb2017.pdf
[79]
‘The Patient Who Absconds’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_Absconding_Guidance_V2.pdf
[80]
‘Management of Domestic Abuse’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Management_of_Domestic_Abuse_March2015.pdf
[81]
‘ED Patients in Police Custody’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ED_Patients_in_Police_Custody_revised_June2016.pdf
[82]
‘IAP publish information sharing statement « Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody’. [Online]. Available: https://www.iapondeathsincustody.org/s/IAP-Information-Sharing-Statement.pdf
[83]
‘Memorandum of Understanding – The Police Use of Restraint in Mental Health & Learning Disability Settings’. [Online]. Available: https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Police_Use_of_Restraint_in_Mental_Health_and_LD_Settings.pdf
[84]
Chris Lipp, ‘Analgesia in the emergency department: a GRADE-based evaluation of research evidence and recommendations for practice’, Critical Care, vol. 17, no. 2, doi: 10.1186/cc12521. [Online]. Available: https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc12521
[85]
D. J. Beard and P. Wood, ‘Pain in complex trauma: lessons from Afghanistan’, BJA Education, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 207–212, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mku035.
[86]
I. Fleming and C. Egeler, ‘Regional anaesthesia for trauma: an update’, Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 136–141, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt048.
[87]
‘Efficacy of Postoperative Patient-controlled and Continuous Infusion Epidural Analgesia versus Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia with Opioids: A Meta-analysis’, Anesthesiology, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1079–1088 [Online]. Available: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00000542-200511000-00023&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
[88]
J. M. Richman et al., ‘Does Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block Provide Superior Pain Control to Opioids? A Meta-Analysis’, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 248–257, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000181289.09675.7D.
[89]
O. G. S. Ayling et al., ‘Continuous Regional Anaesthesia Provides Effective Pain Management and Reduces Opioid Requirement Following Major Lower Limb Amputation’, European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 559–564, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.07.002.
[90]
S. M. Galvagno et al., ‘Pain management for blunt thoracic trauma’, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 936–951, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001209.
[91]
P. Fu, P. D. Weyker, and C. A. J. Webb, ‘Case Report of Serratus Plane Catheter for Pain Management in a Patient With Multiple Rib Fractures and an Inferior Scapular Fracture’, A & A Case Reports, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 132–135, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000431.
[92]
C. Carrie et al., ‘Bundle of care for blunt chest trauma patients improves analgesia but increases rates of intensive care unit admission: A retrospective case-control study’, Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 211–215, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2017.05.008.
[93]
M. Blaivas, S. Adhikari, and L. Lander, ‘A Prospective Comparison of Procedural Sedation and Ultrasound-guided Interscalene Nerve Block for Shoulder Reduction in the Emergency Department’, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 922–927, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01140.x.