1.
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segm. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-Coronary-Syndromes-ACS-in-patients-presenting-without-persistent-ST-segm
2.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: 148.  Acute coronary syndrome. A National Clinical Guideline. https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign148.pdf
3.
HEART Score. http://www.heartscore.nl/
4.
Moss AJ, Williams MC, Newby DE, Nicol ED. The Updated NICE Guidelines: Cardiac CT as the First-Line Test for Coronary Artery Disease. Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports. 2017;10(5). doi:10.1007/s12410-017-9412-6
5.
Williams MC, Shambrook J, Nicol ED. Assessment of patients with stable chest pain. Heart. 2018;104(8):691-699. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311212
6.
HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events - MDCalc. https://www.mdcalc.com/heart-score-major-cardiac-events#next-steps
7.
Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(3):267-315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320
8.
Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2009;30(21):2631-2671. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
9.
Costantino G, Sun BC, Barbic F, et al. Syncope clinical management in the emergency department: a consensus from the first international workshop on syncope risk stratification in the emergency department. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(19):1493-1498. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv378
10.
Sun BC, Costantino G, Barbic F, et al. Priorities for Emergency Department Syncope Research. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2014;64(6):649-655.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.04.014
11.
D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Reed MJ, et al. Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;167(1):57-62. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083
12.
The patient with collapse: in association with the Emergency Medicine Journal. http://learning.bmj.com/learning/search-result.html?moduleId=5004329
13.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(27):2129-2200. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
14.
Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid Measurement of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347(3):161-167. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020233
15.
Resuscitation to recovery. https://www.resus.org.uk/publications/resuscitation-to-recovery/
16.
Post Cardiac Arrest Care. https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/post-cardiac-arrest-resuscitation-care/
17.
The Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults. http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/JBDS_IP_DKA_Adults_Revised.pdf
18.
The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults with diabetes. http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/JBDS_IP_HHS_Adults.pdf
19.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State - Acute and chronic complications of diabetes - Diapedia, The Living Textbook of Diabetes. https://www.diapedia.org/acute-and-chronic-complications-of-diabetes/71040851425/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar-state
20.
Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management  | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng19
21.
Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. The Challenge of Hyponatremia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2012;23(7):1140-1148. doi:10.1681/ASN.2012020128
22.
Wakil A, Ng JM, Atkin SL. Investigating hyponatraemia. BMJ. 2011;342(mar07 2):d1118-d1118. doi:10.1136/bmj.d1118
23.
Management of hyperkalaemia. http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Maxwell.pdf
24.
Oram RA, McDonald TJ, Vaidya B. Investigating hypokalaemia. BMJ. 2013;347(sep24 1):f5137-f5137. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5137
25.
Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Retrospective Review of the Frequency of ECG Changes in Hyperkalemia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2008;3(2):324-330. doi:10.2215/CJN.04611007
26.
National Review of Asthma Deaths | RCP London. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/national-review-asthma-deaths
27.
NCEPOD - Non-Invasive Ventilation: Inspiring Change (2017). http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2017niv.html
28.
BTS/SIGN British guideline on the management of asthma | British Thoracic Society | Better lung health for all. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/standards-of-care/guidelines/btssign-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma/
29.
Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention - 2017 - Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD. http://goldcopd.org/pocket-guide-copd-diagnosis-management-prevention-2016/
30.
SSNAP - Home. https://www.strokeaudit.org/
31.
Fernandes PM, Whiteley WN, Hart SR, Al-Shahi Salman R. Strokes: mimics and chameleons. Practical Neurology. 2013;13(1):21-28. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2012-000465
32.
Hankey GJ. Stroke: Your Questions Answered. Churchill Livingstone; 2002.
33.
Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16(12):987-1048. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30371-X
34.
Goldstein LE, McKee AC. Shining (Laser) Light on Traumatic Brain Injury Blood Biomarkers. JAMA Neurology. 2017;74(9). doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0800
35.
Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(9):874-884. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067514
36.
Crompton EM, Lubomirova I, Cotlarciuc I, Han TS, Sharma SD, Sharma P. Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult and Pediatric Patients*. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(4):575-583. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002205
37.
Andrews PJD, Sinclair HL, Rodriguez A, et al. Hypothermia for Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(25):2403-2412. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1507581
38.
Ahmad FU, Starke RM, Komotar RJ, Connolly ES. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Hypothermia as a Preferred Second-Line Treatment for Elevated Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(2):N10-N11. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001171
39.
Andrews PJD, Sinclair HL, Rodriguez A, et al. Hypothermia for Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(25):2403-2412. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1507581
40.
Carney N, Totten AM, OʼReilly C, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. Published online September 2016. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432
41.
Teasdale G, Maas A, Lecky F, Manley G, Stocchetti N, Murray G. The Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. The Lancet Neurology. 2014;13(8):844-854. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70120-6
42.
Fever Control Management Is Preferable to Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Abbreviated Injury Scale 3–4: A Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial | Journal of Neurotrauma. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/neu.2015.4033
43.
Mason S, Kuczawski M, Teare MD, et al. THE AHEAD STUDY: MANAGING ANTICOAGULATED PATIENTS WHO SUFFER HEAD INJURY. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2014;31(9):775.1-775. doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-204221.1
44.
Muir KW, Ford GA, Messow CM, et al. Endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: the Pragmatic Ischaemic Stroke Thrombectomy Evaluation (PISTE) randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2017;88(1):38-44. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314117
45.
Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/343/bmj.d4277.full.pdf
46.
Edlow JA, Caplan LR. Avoiding Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(1):29-36. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001063420106
47.
Ducros A, Bousser MG. Thunderclap headache. BMJ. 2013;346(jan08 15):e8557-e8557. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8557
48.
Chapter 11. Use of hyperosmolar therapy in the management of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 4(3). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00130478-200307001-00012&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
49.
Hasan TF, Rabinstein AA, Middlebrooks EH, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2018;93(4):523-538. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.013
50.
Pieracci FM, Eachempati SR, Shou J, Hydo LJ, Barie PS. Degree of Anticoagulation, but Not Warfarin Use Itself, Predicts Adverse Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly Trauma Patients. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2007;63(3):525-530. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31812e5216
51.
Lecky FE, Omar M, Bouamra O, et al. The effect of preinjury warfarin use on mortality rates in trauma patients: a European multicentre study. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2015;32(12):916-920. doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-203959
52.
Franko J, Kish KJ, O???Connell BG, Subramanian S, Yuschak JV. Advanced Age and Preinjury Warfarin Anticoagulation Increase the Risk of Mortality After Head Trauma. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2006;61(1):107-110. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000224220.89528.fc
53.
Howard JL, Cipolle MD, Horvat SA, et al. Preinjury Warfarin Worsens Outcome in Elderly Patients Who Fall From Standing. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2009;66(6):1518-1524. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a59728
54.
Chauny JM, Marquis M, Bernard F, et al. Risk of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage in Anticoagulated Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016;51(5):519-528. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.045
55.
Mason S, Kuczawski M, Teare MD, et al. AHEAD Study: an observational study of the management of anticoagulated patients who suffer head injury. BMJ Open. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014324
56.
Mason S, Kuczawski M, Teare MD, et al. THE AHEAD STUDY: MANAGING ANTICOAGULATED PATIENTS WHO SUFFER HEAD INJURY. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2014;31(9):775.1-775. doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-204221.1
57.
Bernal W, Wendon J. Acute Liver Failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(26):2525-2534. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208937
58.
Wendon J, Cordoba J, Dhawan A, et al. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. Journal of Hepatology. 2017;66(5):1047-1081. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.003
59.
Slack AJ, Auzinger G, Willars C, et al. Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease. Liver International. 2014;34(1):42-48. doi:10.1111/liv.12221
60.
Larsen FS, Schmidt LE, Bernsmeier C, et al. High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology. 2016;64(1):69-78. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.018
61.
Trovato FM, Rabinowich L, McPhail MJW. Update on the management of acute liver failure. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2019;25(2):157-164. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000583
62.
Bernal W, Lee WM, Wendon J, Larsen FS, Williams R. Acute liver failure: A curable disease by 2024? Journal of Hepatology. 2015;62(1):S112-S120. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.016
63.
Brown SA, Axenfeld E, Stonesifer EG, et al. Current and prospective therapies for acute liver failure. Disease-a-Month. 2018;64(12):493-522. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.04.002
64.
Fever in the returning traveller - Initial assessment and triage. https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/suppl/2018/01/25/bmj.j5773.DC1/fever_diff_v38_web.pdf.pdf
65.
Fink D, Wani RS, Johnston V. Fever in the returning traveller. BMJ. Published online 25 January 2018. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5773
66.
Johnston V, Stockley JM, Dockrell D, et al. Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: Recommendations for investigation and initial management. Journal of Infection. 2009;59(1):1-18. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.05.005
67.
Hawker JI, Smith S, Smith GE, et al. Trends in antibiotic prescribing in primary care for clinical syndromes subject to national recommendations to reduce antibiotic resistance, UK 1995-2011: analysis of a large database of primary care consultations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2014;69(12):3423-3430. doi:10.1093/jac/dku291
68.
Cremers AJH, Sprong T, Schouten JA, et al. Effect of antibiotic streamlining on patient outcome in pneumococcal bacteraemia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2014;69(8):2258-2264. doi:10.1093/jac/dku109
69.
WHO | Antimicrobial resistance. http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/
70.
Published Guidelines | British Infection Association (BIA). https://www.britishinfection.org/guidelines-resources/published-guidelines/
71.
NaTHNaC | Launchpad to services. https://nathnac.net/
72.
ProMED-mail. https://www.promedmail.org/
73.
Viral haemorrhagic fever: ACDP algorithm and guidance on management of patients - GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/viral-haemorrhagic-fever-algorithm-and-guidance-on-management-of-patients
74.
Guidelines for the Management of Excited Delirium / Acute Behavioural Disturbance (ABD). https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Acute_Behavioural_Disturbance_Final.pdf
75.
Consent in Adults, Adolescents and Children in Emergency Departments. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Consent_Guidance_Revised_Jan2018.pdf
76.
Information sharing to reduce Community Violence. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/QEC_Guideline_Information_Sharing_to_Reduce_Community_Violence_Sept2017.pdf
77.
A universal FGM flowchart and reporting tool. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/QEC_Guideline_Information_Sharing_to_Reduce_Community_Violence_Sept2017.pdf
78.
The Mental Capacity Act in Emergency Medicine Practice. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_Mental_Capacity_Act_in_EM_Practice_Feb2017.pdf
79.
The Patient Who Absconds. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_Absconding_Guidance_V2.pdf
80.
Management of Domestic Abuse. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Management_of_Domestic_Abuse_March2015.pdf
81.
ED Patients in Police Custody. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ED_Patients_in_Police_Custody_revised_June2016.pdf
82.
IAP publish information sharing statement « Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody. https://www.iapondeathsincustody.org/s/IAP-Information-Sharing-Statement.pdf
83.
Memorandum of Understanding – The Police Use of Restraint in Mental Health & Learning Disability Settings. https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Police_Use_of_Restraint_in_Mental_Health_and_LD_Settings.pdf
84.
Chris Lipp. Analgesia in the emergency department: a GRADE-based evaluation of research evidence and recommendations for practice. Critical Care. 17(2). doi:10.1186/cc12521
85.
Beard DJ, Wood P. Pain in complex trauma: lessons from Afghanistan. BJA Education. 2015;15(4):207-212. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mku035
86.
Fleming I, Egeler C. Regional anaesthesia for trauma: an update. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 2014;14(3):136-141. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt048
87.
Efficacy of Postoperative Patient-controlled and Continuous Infusion Epidural Analgesia versus Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia with Opioids: A Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 103(5):1079-1088. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00000542-200511000-00023&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
88.
Richman JM, Liu SS, Courpas G, et al. Does Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block Provide Superior Pain Control to Opioids? A Meta-Analysis. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2006;102(1):248-257. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000181289.09675.7D
89.
Ayling OGS, Montbriand J, Jiang J, et al. Continuous Regional Anaesthesia Provides Effective Pain Management and Reduces Opioid Requirement Following Major Lower Limb Amputation. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2014;48(5):559-564. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.07.002
90.
Galvagno SM, Smith CE, Varon AJ, et al. Pain management for blunt thoracic trauma. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2016;81(5):936-951. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001209
91.
Fu P, Weyker PD, Webb CAJ. Case Report of Serratus Plane Catheter for Pain Management in a Patient With Multiple Rib Fractures and an Inferior Scapular Fracture. A & A Case Reports. 2017;8(6):132-135. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000431
92.
Carrie C, Stecken L, Cayrol E, et al. Bundle of care for blunt chest trauma patients improves analgesia but increases rates of intensive care unit admission: A retrospective case-control study. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2018;37(3):211-215. doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2017.05.008
93.
Blaivas M, Adhikari S, Lander L. A Prospective Comparison of Procedural Sedation and Ultrasound-guided Interscalene Nerve Block for Shoulder Reduction in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011;18(9):922-927. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01140.x